JULY 7, 2018


NEWS AND VIEWS


THIS SLATE.COM ARTICLE BY APRIL GLASER IS A BUMMER. GLASER FOCUSES ON TWO (AND MENTIONS “SEVERAL”) LOCAL CAVE RESCUE PROFESSIONALS WHO MAKE A POINT OF SAYING THAT THE “ARMCHAIR” RESCUERS ARE AT BEST WORTHLESS, AND THAT MUSK IS A HOT DOG. I PERSONALLY DON’T KNOW MUSK, SO MAYBE HE IS A WEENIE, BUT HE ISN’T STUPID, AND SHOULDN’T BE TREATED AS THOUGH HE IS.

I CAN’T HELP NOTICING THAT A SORT OF “TUBE” WITH AIR IN IT AS MUSK HAS SUGGESTED MIGHT HELP THE TRULY CRITICAL PROBLEM – THE EVER-DECREASING OXYGEN SUPPLY; AND THAT THE VERY SMALL SPACE – WHICH THE BOYS AND THE 25 YEAR OLD MAN DID SUCCEED IN GETTING THROUGH ON THEIR WAY IN – WOULD BE IMPROVED IF LARGE DRILLS COULD POSSIBLY OPEN THAT GAP ENOUGH FOR SKIN DIVING GEAR TO PASS.

WHAT I THINK NOBODY WANTS TO SAY IS THAT THEY ALL KNOW, AND WE ALL KNOW, THAT IT’S A LOCKED ROOM MYSTERY. WHO WE REALLY NEED HERE IS AGATHA CHRISTIE. MY ONLY COMMENT IS THAT IF SPECIAL TECHNOLOGY CAN HELP, IT MAY BE BETTER THAN THE SITUATION IS RIGHT NOW AND PROBABLY WON’T DO ANY HARM. RIGHT NOW, IT’S AT A STANDSTILL, AND MAYBE IS A PRACTICAL IMPOSSIBILITY UNLESS SOMETHING OF A PHYSICAL NATURE CHANGES.

THEY’RE ALL SAD AND MAD, AS HUMANS DO TEND TO BECOME UNDER THESE CONDITIONS OF VIRTUAL HOPELESSNESS AND TIME STRESS, BUT THEIR ATTITUDE TOWARD MUSK SOUNDS A LOT LIKE PROFESSIONAL JEALOUSY TO ME. HE WANTS TO COME, AND HE’S GOT DRILLING GEAR, SO LET HIM TRY. MAKE THAT GAP LARGER. I’M NO ENGINEER, BUT ONE OBVIOUS THING THAT THEY PROBABLY THINK IS JUST TOO DANGEROUS IS TO STRING A ROPE PULLING DYNAMITE THROUGH THAT GAP AND HIT THE DETONATOR. IT WOULD PROBABLY DO SOME GOOD. IT WOULD IMMEDIATELY RELEASE WATER AND LET AIR THROUGH.

OF COURSE, IT MIGHT KILL THEM ALL OUTRIGHT, AND TAKE UP ALL OF THE REMAINING OXYGEN WITH THE EXPLOSION. SO THAT’S A BUMMER, TOO. THE BEST WAY I BELIEVE IS TO OPEN THE NARROW PASSAGE WITH DRILLING EQUIPMENT AND THAT’S WHAT MUSK HAS.

AS FOR APRIL GLASER, THE WAY SHE HANDLED THE STORY MAKES ME WONDER IF SHE IS A CONSERVATIVE REPUBLICAN. NEGATIVE ATTACKS TO SUPPRESS POSITIVITY ARE THE RIGHTISTS’ SPECIALTY, AND ELON MUSK IS A WELL-KNOW AND HATED LIBERAL BY THE FOX NEWS CROWD.

https://slate.com/technology/2018/07/elon-musk-is-trying-to-aid-the-thai-cave-rescue-by-sending-engineers-and-brainstorming-on-twitter.html
THE INDUSTRY
Elon Musk Is Trying to Aid the Thai Cave Rescue by Sending His Engineers and Brainstorming on Twitter
Could it actually help?
By APRIL GLASER
JULY 07, 2018 3:15 PM

PHOTOGRAPH -- There are already about 1,000 people working on the rescue mission.
YE AUNG THU/Getty Images

On Friday, a group of engineers from SpaceX and the Boring Company headed to Thailand to aid efforts to rescue a group of boys and one adult trapped in a cave, as the companies’ CEO Elon Musk had announced Thursday on Twitter. There are 12 boys, aged 11 to 16, members of the same soccer team, who are stuck in a chamber of Thailand’s Tham Luang cave complex with their 25-year-old coach. They’ve been trapped there since June 23 after a rainstorm caused severe flooding and blocked their exit.

Thai Navy SEALs and teams of Thai and international divers has been working to supply food and oxygen to those stuck in the cave while a massive rescue operation is underway, with military and civilian experts working around the clock to try to save the boys. About 1,000 people are involved with the rescue operation, according to the BBC. One former Thai SEAL died on Thursday from asphyxiation as he was attempting to deliver oxygen to the boys. To add to the difficulties, many of the boys don’t know how to swim, and the journey out of the cave, much of it underwater, takes nearly six hours. Rescue workers have been giving the group a crash course on swimming and how to use scuba gear before monsoon-level rains are expected to fall on the region in only a few days.

But Musk, the Tesla and Space X CEO who recently started a tunnel-building company called the Boring Company, said on Thursday that the “Boring Co has advanced ground penetrating radar & is pretty good at digging holes.” Though he noted that he “suspect[s] that the Thai govt has this under control,” he is happy to use to help if he can. “SpaceX & Boring Co engineers headed to Thailand tomorrow to see if we can be helpful to govt. There are probably many complexities that are hard to appreciate without being there in person,” Musk later added on Friday.

Discussing the plan on Twitter with James Yenbamroong, founder of Thailand-based satellite start-up muSpaceTech, Musk described the possibility of providing the Thai rescue operation with an air-filled escape tube, as well as water pumps and battery packs, which could be used to help to keep the pumps active. The experts on the ground have so far had a difficult time keeping the water levels in the cave chambers low.


James Yenbamroong
@JamesWorldSpace
· 6 Jul
Replying to @elonmusk
Good idea. Looking into cross sections and lengths of each section. The critical 70cm cross section area has 15m in length. And we believe 2km away from entrance where pumps should be. pic.twitter.com/RxmrBfpFgG


James Yenbamroong
@JamesWorldSpace
This image makes it simple. Critical 70cm area is at the center. Several dives and two rest areas in between before getting to strong 13 Thais. You probably need several inserts if going with air funnel solution pic.twitter.com/1Pz6vd7U4N

3:14 AM - Jul 6, 2018
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On Saturday morning, he tweeted that he was “iterating” with cave experts in Thailand on “an escape pod design that might be safe enough to try. Also building an inflatable tube with airlocks.” Later Saturday, he suggested that some Space X hardware could be used as part of an escape vehicle.


Elon Musk
✔
@elonmusk
Some good feedback from cave experts in Thailand. Iterating with them on an escape pod design that might be safe enough to try. Also building an inflatable tube with airlocks. Less likely to work, given tricky contours, but great if it does.

4:06 AM - Jul 7, 2018
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Elon Musk
✔
@elonmusk
· 16h
Some good feedback from cave experts in Thailand. Iterating with them on an escape pod design that might be safe enough to try. Also building an inflatable tube with airlocks. Less likely to work, given tricky contours, but great if it does.


Elon Musk
✔
@elonmusk
Got more great feedback from Thailand. Primary path is basically a tiny, kid-size submarine using the liquid oxygen transfer tube of Falcon rocket as hull. Light enough to be carried by 2 divers, small enough to get through narrow gaps. Extremely robust.

2:02 PM - Jul 7, 2018
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"With all due respect to Mr. Musk, I am not sure that he or his engineers have a real good handle on exactly what they’re dealing with in this particular situation."

Will any of this work? The Thai government confirmed Saturday on Facebook that it was anticipating the Space X/Boring Company team, which may “provide services for location tracking, water pumping or battery power” to the current operation. (Obviously, Tesla has plenty of expertise in batteries.) But considering the tremendous amount of manpower and expertise already being thrown at the rescue operation, several cave-rescue experts I spoke to were skeptical that Musk’s team would necessarily be of much use to the already-exhaustive efforts. “It doesn’t matter how much equipment you throw at it or how many dollars you throw at it, you may be reaching the limits of the technology in this particular situation,” Anmar Mirza , a caver and cave rescuer who is a coordinator with the National Cave Rescue Commission, the cave rescue arm of the National Speleological Society, which is the world’s largest organization dedicated to the study, conservation, and exploration of caving.

“With all due respect to Mr. Musk, I am not sure that he or his engineers have a real good handle on exactly what they’re dealing with in this particular situation,” said Mirza, commenting on the rescue-operation brainstorm Musk was conducted over the last two days on Twitter. “The teams working are already doing as much pumping as can feasibly be done in there. They have enough pumping power.”

Though the Thai government didn’t mention whether Musk’s team would be drilling any holes, Mirza stressed that such an effort wouldn’t really be viable for such a time-sensitive mission. A cave rescue in Chile in 2010 took months, and even with the most advanced technology, boring machines don’t work that quickly. “You have to have a high enough survey to know what you’re boring into, and you have to know where on the surface corresponds to a point in the cave. You’re trying to find a needle in the hay stack, and even then, you have to dig hundreds of meters,” Mirza said.

After looking at the ideas Musk shared on Twitter, Rick Speaect, the director of the National Speleological Society and a National Cave Rescue Commission instructor, told me that the at least some of ideas Musk was throwing around didn’t feel well thought out. “He talks about pumping out the flooded entrance, but the problem I see here is that he’s thinking about stagnant water conditions and not all of what he’s talking about will work for moving water,” said Speaect. “And so, with this case you have a constriction that’s 70 cm wide and you have moving water through there, so any kind of tube that you can put through in that small of area, you’re going to be building up a dam behind it for the length of time it takes someone to get through there, because that flowing water is not going to stop,” said Speaect.

Speaect, who is an expert in cave rescue but not underwater cave rescue, noted that it’s always a good idea to propose things, and Mirza added that he has a great deal of respect for Musk. But both stressed that this operation is incredibly complex.

We don’t know if any of the ideas Musk has proposed—either in his public brainstorm or in conversations with Thai authorities—will work, enhance the ongoing efforts, or distract from them. It’s probably true that Musk’s attention to the issue on Twitter has helped raise awareness of the situation, even if the most obvious response to his tweets has been an bevy of armchair engineers in his mentions pondering even more involved ways to pull off the rescue. Hopefully the Thai authorities will be able to benefit in some way from the extra assistance. But whatever happens, it’s still not clear that Musk’s contributions will make the rescue any less of a long shot.



EVIL IS MOVING IN FAST, IT SEEMS TO ME. THIS IS NOT A ONE-TIME THING. ONE THING ABOUT PRESIDENT TRUMP – HE HAS NO TOLERATION FOR IDEAS WHICH WERE NOT HIS ORIGINALLY, BUT ESPECIALLY IF IT CAME FROM PRESIDENT OBAMA. REMEMBER THAT TRUMP STARTED THE IGNORANT RUMOR THAT OBAMA IS NOT AN AMERICAN CITIZEN, "BORN IN THE USA!"

https://www.cbsnews.com/news/immigrant-abruptly-discharged-from-military-says-it-was-like-getting-kicked-out-of-your-own-home/
By JERICKA DUNCAN CBS NEWS July 6, 2018, 6:37 PM
Immigrant abruptly discharged from military says it was like getting "kicked out of your own home"

NEW YORK -- For more than a decade, the U.S. has offered immigrants who join the military a fast track to citizenship. But now, some immigrant recruits and reservists say they've been abruptly discharged without being told why.

CBS News spoke to one Pakistani man about being kicked out of the military. He didn't want his identity shown in fear of reprisal if he has to return to his home country.

"The feeling was just like getting kicked out of your own home," he said. "I was so shocked there was so many tears in my eyes, my hands couldn't move fast enough to wipe them."

He said that on June 11, his recruiter called him and to say the 22-year-old will be discharged, despite the fact that he says he passed a military background check.

He had enlisted in 2016, with hopes of becoming a legal U.S. citizen through a program called Military Accessions Vital to the National Interest, or MAVNI. The program began in 2008 as a way for the military to find people with special medical and language skills. In return, the foreign-born recruits were promised a path to citizenship. Since 2008, more than 10,000 people have enlisted through MAVNI.

Last year, the Department of Defense suspended the program and announced new changes for current foreign recruits which included increased background checks. But several foreign-born reservists and recruits have reportedly been discharged without any real explanation.

U.S. Army officials issued a statement to CBS News saying: "Any recruit, to include those recruited through the MAVNI program, who receives an unfavorable security screening is deemed unsuitable for military service and is administratively discharged."

Tom Porter, from the group Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America, said there are still a lot of questions.

"What exactly is happening, who is getting deported," he said. "A lot of questions and not enough answers so far."

© 2018 CBS Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved.



AMERICA IS CATCHING UP IN THE SPONTANEOUS AND VOLUNTARY CHALLENGING OF RACISM. NEVER GIVE UP !! BOTH HERE ARE GREAT ARTICLES ON THE SUBJECT. BY THE WAY, LOTS OF OTHERS BY HOPKINS ARE REALLY GOOD STUFF, AS WELL. HE SPEAKS OF HIS LIFE AS A BLACK PERSON FROM A GENTLE, BUT NOT PASSIVE, PERSPECTIVE. ON JULY 4TH, HE WROTE “I’M WITH MAXINE.” SHE’S THE BLACK CONGRESSWOMAN WHO STRIDENTLY, ANGRILY, INSISTENTLY CALLED FOR EVERY PERSON TO “CALL OUT” THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION HEADS. “SOME,” DEMOCRATS HAVE BEEN CONCERNED AND UNHAPPY ABOUT HER ASSERTIVENESS. THE ARTICLE DIDN’T SAY WHICH DEMOCRATS HAVE CRITICIZED HER, RATHER THAN SECONDING THE MOTION. I PERSONALLY DO QUESTION THE FAIRNESS OF COMING UP TO ANY PERSON’S TABLE AT SUPPER AND STARTING TO HARANGUE THEM, BUT I DO UNDERSTAND IT. I ALSO THINK THAT IF AMERICANS ARE AS AGGRESSIVE TOWARD HIM AS HE IS TOWARD OTHERS, IT’S FAIR PLAY.

CHECK OUT THIS SITE.

http://pasadenajournal.com/the-race-is-not-to-the-swift-but-him-who-endureth-till-the-end/
The Race Is Not to the Swift but Him Who Endureth till the End”
February 24, 2016 Joe C. Hopkins, Journal Publisher

I was at the Pasadena Black History Parade when I struck up a conversation with a friend of mine. The conversation wound around to the struggles another friend of both of ours was having regarding a job. Without missing a beat this friend of mine reminded me of a Bible verse that I must have heard a thousand times. The verse says, “The race is not won to the swift but to the one who endureth till the end.”

This simple verse is found in the King James version of the Holy Bible in Ecclesiastes 9:11. Strangely, when I went home and looked up the verse, it does not say those words exactly. The exact words are found in one of Aesops Fables. The King James Bible version says “I returned and saw under the sun, that the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet favor to men of skill; but time and chance happenstance to them all.”

The biblical scriptures goes on to say a verse that I have missed in my years as a bible student. In Ecclesiastes, chapter 9, verse 11, it advises us “Whatsoever thy hand fi ndeth to do, do it with thy might; for there is no work, nor device, nor knowledge, nor wisdom in the grave; whither thou goest.”

Applying this verse to one’s livelihood, I think it means for us to work while there is day for when death comes, no man can work. Personally, I have always DONE WHAT I HAD TO DO UNTIL I COULD DO WHAT I WANTED TO DO. I have worked, from cutting lawns, shining shoes, cutting hair, social service, senior citizens’ feeding programs, anti-poverty youth programs, to a hundred other things. And now I am doing what I want to do. Practice Law which I plan to do as long as I can.

To my friend, you have wisdom. You are a Bible believing person, and God has opened doors for you that show His faith and favor towards you. Now it’s up to you to do what He wants you to do. Ecclesiastes talks of being a wise man. It says, “Wisdom is better than strength”. Keep on serving Him by spreading His word. Whether you spread His word in a church, a classroom, or on the street, like you did with me, is of little consequence. The point is to serve Him.

As I thought about the context of our conversation at the Black History Parade, I couldn’t help but remember that thousands of African Americans had to wait until their change came. They waited and saw a Black superintendent of Schools in Pasadena, Glendale, and Los Angeles, California. They waited and saw Shonda Rhimes, they waited and saw a 46 year old a Black woman, Channing Dungey, become the fi rst African woman head of ABC Entertainment This Week. You ask, “How long?” Maybe tomorrow!

The path has been laid. Each of us must keep on preparing for the change to come and then we can sing like Barack Obama that you waited until your appointed time. Let it be a surprise. When they counted the votes in 2008 and a Senator named Barack Obama had won the presidency, someone was surprised. When they rolled away the stone covering the tomb where they buried Jesus, he was not there. Someone was surprised. Someone said “Hallelujah”. After a long wait, a surprise can be just sweet.

Filed Under: Joe's Editorial



HERE IS ANOTHER OF THOSE VICIOUS STORIES IN WHICH THE BAD DUDE LOSES HIS JOB. HIP, HIP HOORAY !!

https://www.cbsnews.com/news/adam-bloom-man-who-challenged-black-family-use-of-pool-loses-job-2018-07-06/
CBS/AP July 6, 2018, 2:56 PM
Man who challenged black family’s use of pool loses job

WINSTON-SALEM, N.C. -- A white man who challenged a black family's use of a private community's pool has not only resigned from a homeowner's association board -- he also lost his job. Sonoco announced Friday that Adam Bloom is no longer employed by the packaging and industrial products company, saying it doesn't condone discrimination of any kind, even if it happens outside its workplace.

A video posted on the Facebook page of Jasmine Edwards on July 4, seen more than four million times, shows what happened after Bloom questioned whether she was allowed to be at the pool in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. He also called police.

Bloom, Edwards and the responding officers all speak in measured tones in the video. She accuses him of singling out her and her young son as African-Americans by asking to see her ID. Bloom, who served as the chairman of the pool, responds that he asks residents to see their identification "a couple times" each week.

Officers then determined that Edwards, who lives in the neighborhood, did in fact have keycard access to the gated pool. An officer then apologized to her. When Edwards asked Bloom for an apology, he walked away.

This is a classic case of racial profiling in my half a million $$ neighborhood pool. This happened to me and my baby today. What a shame," Edwards wrote on Facebook. "Racial profiling at its worst!"

The social media backlash was fierce, and soon targeted Bloom's employer. In a Twitter post, South Carolina-based Sonoco apologized to Edwards and said the situation doesn't reflect company values.

View image on Twitter

Sonoco
@Sonoco_Products
We are aware of a terrible incident involving the actions of one our employees outside of the workplace, and we have released this statement.

10:15 AM - Jul 6, 2018
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Company spokesman Brian Risinger confirmed that Bloom's separation was "effective immediately." Risinger said Bloom was a business development manager who had been with Sonoco for about five years.

An attorney for Bloom told the Winston-Salem Journal he was simply performing his duties as a neighborhood official after another woman approached Bloom questioning whether Edwards had the right to be poolside. Lawyer John Vermitsky said his client called police to "make sure that the interaction didn't escalate," and said it's "unfortunate that conclusions are being reached by people who have seen a 46-second video of their interaction."

Vermitsky said Friday that Bloom had to leave his North Carolina house after receiving death threats. Vermitsky issued a statement Friday on behalf of Bloom, and said his client had to take his wife and children away from their home to a safe location.

In Bloom's seven years as chairman of the neighborhood pool, he's occasionally had to ask people of all ages and races to leave for violating pool rules, according to the statement. Vermitsky also said his client feels terrible about the situation and didn't intend to discriminate against the woman.

The Glenridge Homeowners Association said Thursday afternoon that Bloom resigned as the pool's chairman and association board member.

"We sincerely regret that an incident occurred yesterday at our community pool that left neighbors feeling racially profiled," the association statement said. "In confronting and calling the police on one of our neighbors, the pool chair escalated a situation in a way that does not reflect the inclusive values Glenridge seeks to uphold as a community."

Vermitsky said Bloom resigned from his neighborhood positions to limit negative publicity, and not because he did anything wrong.

Police Chief Catrina Thompson has warned that her officers "will not be used as pawns to further someone's dislike for anyone."

© 2018 CBS Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. The Associated Press contributed to this report.



I DO LOVE OLD ARTIFACTS AND DOCUMENTS OF ALL KINDS, ESPECIALLY IF THEY ARE HISTORICAL AS THIS IS. I’M GLAD SOMEONE IN ENGLAND LOVED US ENOUGH TO TREASURE IT AS BEING IMPORTANT.

https://www.cbsnews.com/news/declaration-of-independence-copy-found-in-uk-analysis-reveals-clues-about-origin/
CBS NEWS July 7, 2018, 12:53 PM
Analysis reveals clues about Declaration of Independence copy found in U.K.

Harvard scholars discovered a copy of the Declaration of Independence two years ago in an unlikely place: a public records office in England. The document was then sent to the British Library for further tests, which have revealed a little more about its story.

It's become known as the Sussex Declaration after the English county where the Harvard researchers discovered it. The handwritten parchment is a word-for-word copy of the document written by the Founding Fathers right down to the signatories carefully copied out by a long-dead clerk, reports CBS News' Elizabeth Palmer.

Dr. Christina Duffy, an imaging scientist at the British Library, said it's "definitely real."

Clues are embedded in a corner of the document. They help answer questions about who made it, and why. You can see someone tried to erase the date, but with UV light, Duffy was able to bring the numbers back, at least partly.

"Our theory is it's Fourth of July 1780s or 1790s," Duffy said.

That means is was written a decade or two after the U.S. declared independence from Britain. Scholars think it was commissioned by James Wilson, a patriot and a judge who may have wanted his own copy to put on show.

"We also found some traces of iron around the corners of the document, around some tears, which suggest that it might have been pinned up with nails at some point, as a ceremonial piece of parchment," Duffy said.

There is one other ceremonial copy. It's kept at the National Archives in Washington, D.C.

Harvard researchers professor Danielle Allen and Emily Sneff went on a hunt to find every copy of the Declaration that's survived.

"Every copy of the Declaration of Independence has a different story, it has a different method of production, a different audience and a different -- you know -- piece in the history of this important document and the words of it that continue to inspire us," Sneff said.

The Sussex version arrived at the West Sussex archives unremarked in the 1950s in a batch of legal documents. It is not giving up at least some of its secrets, said archivist Wendy Walker.

"It was written in the States either probably in Philadelphia or New York. We know where it ended up in 1956 but what we need to find out is what happened in between. And that's the research that's still ongoing," Walker said.

While it does, the Sussex Declaration will be refiled carefully back on the shelves where it sat for so long, unnoticed.

© 2018 CBS Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved.



EVERYTHING’S GOING TO THE DOGS, OR, HOW INVASIONS BY WHITE EUROPEANS CAUSED THE DEATH OF THE ORIGINAL NATIVE AMERICAN GROUPS’ DOG POPULATION. THIS ARTICLE SUGGESTS THAT A SPECIFIC HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS VENEREAL TUMOR MAY HAVE KILLED THE WHOLE INDIGENOUS DOG POPULATION, WHICH CERTAINLY DID EXIST EARLY ON, BECAUSE SUCH A PET/FRIEND/WORKER WAS BURIED WITH HIS HUMANS, AND RECOVERED BY ARCHAEOLOGISTS. THOSE FIRST AMERICAN DOGS, WHICH ARE BELIEVED TO HAVE COME ACROSS BERINGEA WITH THEM FROM SIBERIA AND INTO AMERICA. SAD, THOUGH I FIND THIS, IT IS OF GREAT INTEREST TO ME. DNA STUDIES HAVE OPENED UP THE DOOR OF PREHISTORIC STUDIES TO THE PRESENT, MORE THAN ALL THE POTTERY SHARDS OF THE PAST WERE ABLE TO DO.

IT IS SURPRISING TO ME HOW THEY WERE ABLE TO GO FROM AFRICA OUTWARD TO MOST OF THE WORLD, FOR THE MOST PART, WITHOUT THE HELP OF ANIMALS OR EVEN THE WHEEL; INTRODUCING NEW UNDERSTANDING, PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENTS, AND DISCOVERIES TO OTHER GROUPS OF PEOPLE ALONG THE WAY. IT DIDN’T HAPPEN RAPIDLY, BECAUSE THOSE PEOPLE WERE ON FOOT MOST OF THE WAY, OR ON RAFTS WITH A POLE OR A SAIL TO PUSH THEM ALONG. ANCIENT PEOPLES, AS FAR AS WE KNOW, HAD NO EASY WAYS TO DO THINGS, BUT THEY DID THEM ANYWAY.

THEY POPULATED MOST THE ENTIRE GLOBE. CULTURAL REMAINS, FROM STORIES TO PRIMITIVE ART AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, TOOLS AND WEAPONS ARE FOUND IN A LARGE NUMBER OF PLACES, INCLUDING MANY THAT SEEM INACCESSIBLE. THEIR ARRIVAL ACROSS OCEANS SHOWED THAT THEY HAD BOATS OR RAFTS SUFFICIENT TO ALLOW THEIR TRAVELS, AND ARE THOUGHT TO HAVE USED KNOWN OCEAN CURRENTS TO NAVIGATE AND MOVE ALONG. IF YOU HAVEN’T YET, GO TO THE LIBRARY AND READ THE THOR HEYERDAHL BOOK “KON TIKI.” THEY PROBABLY, OR I SHOULD SAY VERY LIKELY, TRAVELED UP THE COASTLINES MOST OF THE TIME.

AN ARTICLE I SAW IN MY YOUNGER YEARS STATED THAT MOST SHIPS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN, THOUGH THEY WERE WELL-MADE, WERE PROBABLY USED IN THAT WAY, BECAUSE THOUGH IT ISN’T QUITE AN OCEAN, IT IS STILL GIVEN TO LARGE AND DANGEROUS STORMS, WAVES AND CURRENTS. THAT PATTERN OF TRAVEL WOULD MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO MOVE INLAND FOR A DAY OR A WEEK OR A MONTH (TO VISIT CIRCE ON HER ISLAND, FOR INSTANCE) FOR FRESHLY KILLED MEAT, FRESH SUPPLIES AND WINE; OR FOR VISITS WITH ETHNIC AND FAMILY RELATED GROUPS ON SHORE. GENETIC TIES HAVE BEEN FOUND BETWEEN THE MODERN-DAY PEOPLE OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL UP TO NORTHERN EUROPE, THOUGH OF COURSE MORE IN SOME PLACES THAN OTHERS. ONE ARTICLE I SAW A FEW MONTHS AGO SAID THAT THE MYSTERIOUSLY NAMED “SEA PEOPLES” WHO TERRORIZED THE MEDITERRANEAN DWELLERS DURING THE BRONZE AGE MAY HAVE BEEN THE ANCESTORS OF THE VIKINGS. THE OCEANS AREN’T SO MUCH A BARRIER, AS A HIGHWAY.

IN 1960, I THOUGHT PREHISTORIC PEOPLES WERE LOCALIZED, PRIMITIVE AND SEDENTARY, BUT IT’S CLEAR THESE DAYS THAT THEY WEREN’T. TRADE GOODS AND DNA STUDIES SHOW THAT. THE HUMAN SPIRIT IS AND ALWAYS HAS BEEN CURIOUS, CREATIVE, DYNAMIC AND BOLD, FOR THE MOST PART. IN CASES WHERE THERE WAS COMPARATIVELY LITTLE OUTSIDE CONTACT, THE PEOPLE LIVED MORE TRADITIONAL AND THEREFORE MORE TECHNOLOGICALLY UNDERDEVELOPED LIFE STYLES. MOST INNOVATIVE IDEAS ARE NOT ENTIRELY DEVELOPED LOCALLY, EXCEPT AROUND AREAS OF ACCESSIBLE SUPPLIES FOR THE UNIVERSAL HUMAN NEEDS – WATER, FOOD PREPARATION, CLOTHING AND BODILY ADORNMENT, SKINS AND BASKETS TO CARRY THEIR GOODS, ETC.

PLACES THAT WERE LOCATED ON NAVIGABLE WATERS, APPEAR TO HAVE PROFITED GREATLY FROM THAT. THAT’S WHERE THE LARGE CONGREGATIONS OF PEOPLE GREW UP, AND THEIR IMPROVED TECHNOLOGIES. THE MEDITERRANEAN AND BALTIC SEAS, AND MANY OF THE LONG-RUNNING RIVERS SUCH AS THE DANUBE WERE CENTRAL LOCATIONS OF GREATER CULTURAL MIXING AND THEREFORE GREATER DEVELOPMENT. PEOPLE DIDN’T ONLY SHARE AND SELL THEIR OWN GOODS, THEY SHARED THEIR IDEAS AS WELL.

NO MATTER HOW HELPFUL POTTERY AND TOOL STYLES ARE IN ARCHAEOLOGY, THERE ARE QUESTIONS THAT THEY CAN’T ANSWER. DNA STUDIES ARE NOW PROVIDING NEW PROOF OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS AND TIMELINES. HOW CAN THE DNA IN A TOOTH OR A BONE GIVE THIS INFORMATION? IT IS BASED ON THE FACT THAT THERE ARE A PREDICTABLE NUMBER OF MUTATIONS OVER A MORE OR LESS PREDICTABLE LENGTH OF TIME WITHIN DNA; SO THEREFORE, A QUESTION LIKE HOW LONG SHOULD IT HAVE TAKEN FOR THE RECOVERABLE DNA OF A GROUP OF PEOPLE TO MOVE FROM POINT A IN SIBERIA TO POINT B IN NORTH AMERICA; AND, NEEDLESS TO SAY, BY THEIR FAITHFUL COMPANION, THE DOG. COUNT THE MUTATIONS IN A THOUSAND YEARS? THAT’S AN IMPOSSIBLE TASK! NO, WITH THE COMPUTERS OF TODAY, IT BECOMES CALCULABLE. TO BORROW THE WORD OF MR. SPOCK ON THE STARSHIP ENTERPRISE, IT’S SIMPLY “FASCINATING.”

https://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-an-entire-line-of-dogs-disappeared-in-the-americas/
By ROBERT PREIDT HEALTHDAY July 6, 2018, 11:38 AM
How an entire line of dogs in the Americas disappeared

PHOTOGRAPH -- GETTY IMAGES/ISTOCKPHOTO

In a tragic twist of canine fate, researchers report that dogs that lived in the Americas for thousands of years were wiped out after Europeans arrived on the continent.

"This study demonstrates that the history of humans is mirrored in our domestic animals. People in Europe and the Americas were genetically distinct, and so were their dogs. And just as indigenous people in the Americas were displaced by European colonists, the same is true of their dogs," said senior study author Greger Larson. He is director of the Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network (Palaeo-BARN) at the University of Oxford, in England.

Larson's team analyzed genes from dog remains at archaeological sites in Siberia and North America, and found that dogs that originally lived in the Americas were genetically unlike dogs anywhere else in the world.

These dogs were not descended from North American wolves, but likely originated in Siberia and crossed into the Americas during early human migrations, the scientists said in an Oxford news release.

But their numbers quickly declined after Europeans started arriving in the Americas in the 15th century, according to the researchers.

Senior lead author Dr. Laurent Frantz, from Queen Mary University of London and the Palaeo-BARN, said, "It is fascinating that a population of dogs that inhabited many parts of the Americas for thousands of years, and that was an integral part of so many Native American cultures, could have disappeared so rapidly."

22 vulnerable dog breeds that could disappear
22 vulnerable dog breeds that could disappear
According to Frantz, "Their near-total disappearance is likely due to the combined effects of disease, cultural persecution and biological changes starting with the arrival of Europeans."

The findings were published July 5 in the journal Science.

Top U.S. dog breeds: Labs lead, French bulldogs leap in popularity
In an ironic twist, the researchers also found that something of the original dogs of the Americas still exists -- an infectious cancer with the genome of the dog in which it first appeared.

Canine transmissible venereal tumors (CTVT) is a genital cancer that is spread between dogs during mating. It occurs worldwide.

Study co-first author Maire Ni Leathlobhair, from the department of veterinary medicine at the University of Cambridge, said, "It's quite incredible to think that possibly the only survivor of a lost dog lineage is a tumor that can spread between dogs as an infection. Although this cancer's DNA has mutated over the years, it is still essentially the DNA of that original founder dog from many thousands of years ago."

© 2018 HealthDay. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.



http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6397/81
The evolutionary history of dogs in the Americas
Lineage losses for man's best friend

Dogs have been present in North America for at least 9000 years. To better understand how present-day breeds and populations reflect their introduction to the New World, Ní Leathlobhair et al. sequenced the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of ancient dogs (see the Perspective by Goodman and Karlsson). The earliest New World dogs were not domesticated from North American wolves but likely originated from a Siberian ancestor. Furthermore, these lineages date back to a common ancestor that coincides with the first human migrations across Beringia. This lineage appears to have been mostly replaced by dogs introduced by Europeans, with the primary extant lineage remaining as a canine transmissible venereal tumor.

Science, this issue p. 81; see also p. 27

Abstract

Dogs were present in the Americas before the arrival of European colonists, but the origin and fate of these precontact dogs are largely unknown. We sequenced 71 mitochondrial and 7 nuclear genomes from ancient North American and Siberian dogs from time frames spanning ~9000 years. Our analysis indicates that American dogs were not derived from North American wolves. Instead, American dogs form a monophyletic lineage that likely originated in Siberia and dispersed into the Americas alongside people. After the arrival of Europeans, native American dogs almost completely disappeared, leaving a minimal genetic legacy in modern dog populations. The closest detectable extant lineage to precontact American dogs is the canine transmissible venereal tumor, a contagious cancer clone derived from an individual dog that lived up to 8000 years ago.

↵‡ These authors cosupervised this work.

http://www.sciencemag.org/about/science-licenses-journal-article-reuse
This is an article distributed under the terms of the Science Journals Default License.

View Full Text

CREDITS

Máire Ní Leathlobhair1,*, Angela R. Perri2,3,*, Evan K. Irving-Pease4,*, Kelsey E. Witt5,*, Anna Linderholm4,6,*, James Haile4,7, Ophelie Lebrasseur4, Carly Ameen8, Jeffrey Blick9,†, Adam R. Boyko10, Selina Brace11, Yahaira Nunes Cortes12, Susan J. Crockford13, Alison Devault14, Evangelos A. Dimopoulos4, Morley Eldridge15, Jacob Enk14, Shyam Gopalakrishnan7, Kevin Gori1, Vaughan Grimes16, Eric Guiry17, Anders J. Hansen7,18, Ardern Hulme-Beaman4,8, John Johnson19, Andrew Kitchen20, Aleksei K. Kasparov21, Young-Mi Kwon1, Pavel A. Nikolskiy21,22, Carlos Peraza Lope23, Aurélie Manin24,25, Terrance Martin26, Michael Meyer27, Kelsey Noack Myers28, Mark Omura29, Jean-Marie Rouillard14,30, Elena Y. Pavlova21,31, Paul Sciulli32, Mikkel-Holger S. Sinding7,18,33, Andrea Strakova1, Varvara V. Ivanova34, Christopher Widga35, Eske Willerslev7, Vladimir V. Pitulko21, Ian Barnes11, M. Thomas P. Gilbert7,36, Keith M. Dobney8,37, Ripan S. Malhi38,39, Elizabeth P. Murchison1,‡,§, Greger Larson4,‡,§, Laurent A. F. Frantz4,40,‡,§
See all authors and affiliations

Science 06 Jul 2018:
Vol. 361, Issue 6397, pp. 81-85
DOI: 10.1126/science.aao4776



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